A subpoena and a summons are similar because they both give notice about a court proceeding. Differences between a subpoena and a summons include:

• who they are given to,
• when they are given, and
• what they are used for.

What is a summons?

A summons is an official notice of a lawsuit. It is given to the person being sued. If you sue someone, they need to know about it. This way, they can come to court and fight the lawsuit. When you serve the defendant with a summons, you officially tell them that you are suing them. You must follow the rules for giving the summons to the defendants to properly file your case. For helpful videos on filing court papers, see the Law Basics Video Series.

What is a subpoena?

A subpoena is a court order. You can use a subpoena to require a person to come to court, go to a deposition, or give documents or evidence to you. You must serve the subpoena on the person.

How do I send a summons?

If you sue someone, you must serve them with a summons. This gives them notice of the lawsuit. “Service of process” is the formal name for giving a defendant a summons to come to court. Each defendant must get individual service. You must prepare the summons and file it with the Clerk of the Court. There is no fee for the issuance of an initial summons. The Clerk of the Court will then issue the summons for you to serve on the defendant. You must serve a summons in one of three ways, or the judge can make a special order (see below) :

• Service by the Sheriff, 
• Service by a special process server,
• Service by Certified Mail (sometimes), or
• Electronically, by email, text or social media direct message (under certain circumstances).

Service by the Sheriff

Service by the Sheriff is the easiest way to serve your summons. You will have to pay the Sheriff a fee unless you have a court order that waives the fee. To see if you qualify, read Filing Court Papers for Free or watch our video Filing Court Papers for Free.

If you want the Sheriff to serve your summons, take the summons to the Sheriff. You will need one original and two copies, with the Complaint attached to each one. The Sheriff will give the summons to the defendant by hand. They can also give it to someone who lives with the defendant who is at least 13 years old. Next, the Sheriff fills out a sworn statement on the back of the copy of the summons. Then, they file it with the Clerk of the Court. The Court must have a record that the Sheriff served the summons.

The summons is valid for 30 days. Generally, the Sheriff will make three attempts at serving the defendant during this time. If the Sheriff cannot complete the service in those attempts, the Sheriff will fill out a sworn statement that the summons was not served. This will be filed with the Clerk of the Court. If the Sheriff cannot serve the defendant in the 30 days after the summons was issued by the Clerk of Court, the summons is no longer valid.

If this occurs, you must file a Motion for Leave to Issue an Alias Summons. This is a written request to the Court asking to have another summons issued. When your request is granted, you will need to prepare another summons (indicating that it is an Alias Summons) and file it with the Clerk of Court. This will require a fee. The Clerk of the Court will issue the Alias Summons. You can ask the Sheriff to try to serve the Alias Summons, or you can petition the Court to appoint a special process server.

Service by a special [no-lexicon]process server[/no-lexicon]

A special process server is someone other than the sheriff who can serve legal papers. A Motion to Appoint Special Process Server is a written request to use one. Learn more about requesting a special process server.

Service by certified mail[/no-lexicon]

Some cases allow service by certified mail, such as a small claims cases. You do not need to have someone else serve the defendants. You may deliver the summons and a copy of the Complaint by certified mail. It should be restricted delivery, return receipt requested. Restricted delivery means that only the person you addressed the summons to can sign for it. A return receipt is a green postcard that shows that the post office delivered the letter. Make sure you keep a record of when you sent the letter and to whom. Also, keep the green return receipt when you get it in the mail. It will prove to the court that you served the defendant.

Service by special order of the judge

If it is not practical to serve the defendant in the traditional ways, a judge may order an electronic method of service. The judge must be satisfied that the defendant/respondent can receive and read the summons and documents electronically. If so, the following alternative methods of service may be ordered:

• Direct message on social media where the defendant has an active account,
• Email, or
• Text message.

In these cases, attach a copy of the summons/complaint petition, and any other required documents. You will state: “Important information—You have been sued. Read all of the documents attached to this message. To participate in the case, you must follow the instructions listed in the attached summons. If you do not, the court may decide the case without hearing from you, and you could lose the case.” 

A copy of the summons must be sent by mail to the defendant's last known address. A proof of service must be filed when sending a summons electronically. 

How do I send out a subpoena?

Sometimes, a witness will not testify in court willingly. You can subpoena the witness, which requires them to come to court. You can also use a subpoena during discovery. Discovery happens before trial. It lets both sides find information and evidence to prepare for their case. During discovery, you can subpoena a person to come to a deposition and answer questions. You can also get evidence from a person or company who is not a party to the lawsuit. 

To subpoena a witness to appear in court, you can get the form in the Clerk of the Court's office at your courthouse.  It is also usually available on the Clerk of the Court's website. Fill in the name of the case, the name and address of the witness, and the courtroom for the case. When you subpoena a witness, you must pay them a witness fee and travel costs. The clerk can help you figure out the amount. Fill out the subpoena and make out a check or money order to the witness. Then, you or any other adult may give the subpoena and payment to the witness. You can give the subpoena in person or by certified mail. Mail should be restricted delivery, return receipt requested. Make sure you keep a record of the delivery. You must be able to show that you gave the witness the subpoena. You may also ask the sheriff's office to deliver the subpoena and check to your witness. There is a fee to have the Sheriff serve your subpoena.

During the discovery phase of your case, you can also subpoena a witness to give a deposition or produce documents.  You can get the subpoena form in the Clerk of the Court’s office at your courthouse.  It is also usually available on the Clerk of the Court's website. For a deposition subpoena, fill in the name of the case and the name and address of the witness. Also, fill in the place, time and date of the deposition. If you want documents, you must list what kind of documents you want in the subpoena. Once you fill out the form, you or any other adult may give the subpoena to the witness. You can give the subpoena in person or by certified mail. Mail should be restricted delivery, return receipt requested. Make sure you keep a record of the delivery. You must be able to show that you gave the witness the subpoena. You may also ask the Sheriff’s office to deliver the subpoena.  This will require a fee.

Can I ignore the subpoena or summons?

You should not ignore either a subpoena or a summons. You should talk to a lawyer if you get either one. 

A summons is an invitation to come to court. In some cases, the court will schedule a call or a video call for the first appearance instead. In other cases, the court will ask that you file an appearance or an answer. Your summons should say so.

It is not an order, so you do not have to do what it says. But, if you ignore a summons, you will likely lose the case against you. The court will usually decide the lawsuit in favor of the person suing you. The court could decide that you have to pay money or that you must stop doing something. You will have to obey the court’s final decision even though you did not take part in the lawsuit.

There is one kind of summons that you cannot ignore. You cannot ignore a Citation to Discover Assets. If you lose a case and owe someone money, but do not pay it, you could get a Citation to Discover Assets. If you get a Citation to Discover Assets, you should talk to a lawyer right away. You should not ignore the Citation or fail to appear on the court date. If you do, you could face penalties.

You cannot ignore a subpoena. A subpoena is a court order to come to court. If you ignore the order, the court will hold you in contempt. You could go to jail or face a large fine for ignoring the subpoena. subpoenas are used in both criminal and civil cases. They can be given to anyone that might have helpful information about the case. This can be testimony or documents and evidence. If you get a subpoena and do not want to testify or turn over documents, do not just ignore it. Ask a lawyer to help you figure out what to do.

What if the summons was not properly served?

If the other party serves you improperly, go to court on the date stated in the summons and tell the judge. The judge should not let the case against you go on if service was improper. The judge will probably not throw out the case against you. Instead, the judge will probably let the plaintiff try to serve you again. If the plaintiff properly serves you on the second try, the lawsuit may not be over. However, if you file an Appearance before telling the judge about the improper service, you give up the right to say that you did not receive proper service.  

If you receive a subpoena, do not ignore it. It does not matter if the service was proper or not. If you know about the subpoena, then you should follow the orders in it. If you think service was incorrect, you should talk to a lawyer right away about your options and rights.

[no-lexicon]E-filing[/no-lexicon] in Illinois

E-filing is required in Illinois both for attorneys and people who are representing themselves in court. This may change the way serving a summons or a subpoena works. Check with the sheriff or local circuit court clerk for more information. The Illinois Supreme Court has information regarding e-filing in Illinois.